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Footprints in Micrometeorology and Ecology / by Monique Y. Leclerc, Thomas Foken
Contributor(s): Resource type: Ressourcentyp: Buch (Online)Book (Online)Language: English Series: SpringerLink BücherPublisher: Berlin, Heidelberg : Springer, 2014Description: Online-Ressource (XIX, 239 p. 114 illus., 38 illus. in color, online resource)ISBN:- 9783642545450
- 9783642545443
- 550
- 551.5
- QC851-999
Contents:
Summary: How to interpret meteorological measurements made at a given level over a surface with regard to characteristic properties such as roughness, albedo, heat, moisture, carbon dioxide, and other gases is an old question which goes back to the very beginnings of modern micrometeorology. It is made even more challenging when it is unclear whether these measurements are only valid for this point/region and precisely describe the conditions there, or if they are also influenced by surrounding areas. After 50 years of field experiments, it has become both apparent and problematic that meteorological measurements are influenced from surfaces on the windward side. As such, extending these measurements for inhomogeneous experimental sites requires a quantitative understanding of these influences. When combined with atmospheric transport models similar to air pollution models, the footprint concept a fundamental approach introduced roughly 20 years ago provides us with information on whether or not the condition of upwind site homogeneity is fulfilled. Since these first models, the development of more scientifically based versions, validation experiments and applications has advanced rapidly. The aim of this book is to provide an overview of these developments, to analyze present deficits, to describe applications and to advance this topic at the forefront of micrometeorological research.PPN: PPN: 1658597656Package identifier: Produktsigel: ZDB-2-EES
Preface; Contents; Abbreviations; Symbols; 1 History and Definition; 1.1…Micrometeorological Measurements; 1.2…Towards the Footprint Definition; 1.3…Footprint Modeling; 1.4…Validation of Footprint Models; References; 2 Surface-Layer Properties and Parameterizations; 2.1…Atmospheric Boundary Layer and Scales; 2.2…Turbulence Parameterization; 2.2.1 Flux-Gradient Similarity; 2.2.2 Profile Functions Above the Canopy; 2.2.3 Profile Functions in the Canopy; 2.2.4 Roughness Sublayer; 2.2.5 Power Laws; 2.2.6 Dispersion Profiles; 2.2.7 Relevance of Profile Parameterizations in Footprint Models
2.3…Internal Boundary Layers2.3.1 Mechanical Internal Boundary Layer; 2.3.2 Thermal Internal Boundary Layer; 2.3.3 Blending Height Concept; 2.4…Modeling Concepts; 2.4.1 Diffusion Model; 2.4.2 Lagrangian Model; 2.4.3 Higher-Order Closure Model; 2.4.4 Large-Eddy Simulation Model; 2.5…Averaging Surface Characteristics; 2.5.1 Averaging Using Effective Parameters; 2.5.2 Flux-Averaging Models in Inhomogeneous Terrain; References; 3 Classification of Footprint Models ; 3.1…Analytical Footprint Models; 3.1.1 The Schuepp et al. (1990) Approach; 3.1.2 The Schmid and Oke (1990) approach
3.1.3 The Family of Horst and Weil's (1992) Analytical Solution3.1.3.1 The Horst and Weil (1992, 1994) Approach; 3.1.3.2 The Schmid (1994, 1997) Approaches; 3.1.3.3 The Kaharabata et al. (1997) Approach; 3.1.3.4 The Haenel and Grünhage (1999) approach; 3.1.3.5 The Kormann and Meixner (2001) Approach; 3.1.4 Analytical Solutions Based on Lagrangian Models; 3.2…Lagrangian Simulations; 3.2.1 The Leclerc and Thurtell (1990) Approach; 3.2.2 The Sabelfeld-Rannik Approach; 3.2.3 The Kljun et al. (2002) 3D Backward Lagrangian Footprint Model; 3.3…Higher-Order Closure Footprint Models
3.4…Large-Eddy Simulation Models3.5…Hybrid Footprint Models; 3.5.1 LES-Driven Lagrangian Stochastic Models; 3.5.1.1 The Prabha et al. (2008) Approach; 3.5.1.2 The Cai and Leclerc (2007) and Cai et al. (2008) Approach; 3.5.2 LES-Embedded Lagrangian Stochastic Models: The Steinfeld et al. (2008) Approach; 3.5.3 Higher-Order Closure-Driven Lagrangian Simulation; 3.5.3.1 The Luhar and Rao (1994) Approach; 3.5.3.2 The Hsieh and Katul (2009) Approach; 3.5.3.3 E- omega Model Closure-Driven Lagrangrian Simulation; References; 4 Footprint Studies; 4.1…Footprint in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer
4.1.1 Tall Tower Footprints4.1.2 The Influence of Coriolis Forces on Footprint; 4.1.3 Flux Footprints in the Convective Boundary Layer; 4.1.4 Footprint in the Roughness Sub-Layer of Plant Canopies; 4.2…In-Canopy Footprints; 4.3…Flux Footprint in Canopy Over Hills; 4.4…Influence of Contrasting Adjoining Surfaces on Footprints; 4.4.1 Role of Contrasting Thermal Land Surfaces on Fluxes and Footprints; 4.4.2 Role of Clearcuts on Forest Fluxes/Footprints; 4.4.3 Footprints in the Presence of a Transition from the Forest Leading Edge; 4.5…Flux Footprints Over Complex Topography in Forests
4.6…Emissions of Odor and Reactive Trace Gas Fluxes Using the Flux Footprint Method
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