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Oil Well Production Mechanism : Training Manual on Well Production Operations for Non-production Engineers (Oil and Gas Production Operations) / Mohammed Ismail Iqbal, Vamsi Krishna Kudapa
Mitwirkende(r): Resource type: Ressourcentyp: Buch (Online)Buch (Online)Sprache: Englisch Reihen: River Publishers Series in Energy Sustainability and EfficiencyVerlag: Gistrup, Denmark : River Publishers, 2025Beschreibung: 1 Online-Ressource (xxxiv, 450 pages)ISBN:- 9781040326930
- 9788770047722
- 8770047723
- 9788770047739
- 8770047731
- 1040326935
- 9788770042024
- 8770042020
- 9788770042031
- 9788770047821
- 8770042039
- 338.2/7282 23/eng/20250212
- HD9560.5
Inhalte:
PPN: PPN: 1940671795Package identifier: Produktsigel: BSZ-4-NLEBK-KAUB | ZDB-4-NLEBK
Preface xxi List of Figures xxiii List of Tables xxix List of Abbreviations xxxi 1 Production Operations 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.1.1 History and occurrence of petroleum 1 1.2 Production Operations 2 1.2.1 Field development 3 1.2.2 Pressure maintenance 4 1.2.3 Well completion 5 1.2.4 Well intervention 7 1.2.5 Well stimulation 7 1.2.6 Well analysis and remedial measures 12 1.2.7 Methodology of sick well analysis 14 1.2.8 Artificial lifting 15 1.2.9 Abandoning 20 2 Basic Reservoir Concepts 21 2.1 Basic Reservoir Concepts 21 2.1.1 Reservoir dynamic behavior 21 2.1.2 The driving force for production 22 2.2 Reservoir Drive Mechanism 22 2.2.1 Primary recovery 23 2.3 Enhanced Oil Recovery 26 2.3.1 Mobility control 27 2.3.2 Miscible displacement processes 28 2.3.3 Chemical flooding 28 2.3.4 Thermal recovery processes 28 2.4 Fundamental Properties of Fluid-Permeated Rocks 30 2.4.1 Porosity 30 2.4.2 Fluid saturation 31 2.4.3 Fluid flow in reservoirs 33 2.4.4 Flow geometry 33 2.5 Well-bore Damage and Improvement Effects 36 2.5.1 Effective permeability 36 2.5.2 Relative permeability 37 2.6 Phase behavior 38 3 Well Completion and Well Construction 39 3.1 Background 39 3.2 Types of Completions 40 3.2.1 Open hole completion 40 3.2.2 Liner completion 41 3.2.3 Conventional completion 42 3.2.4 Multiple completions 43 3.2.5 Pumping well completion 44 3.2.6 Gas lift completion 44 3.2.7 Corrosive high-pressure well completions 45 3.2.8 Tubing-less cased hole completion 45 3.3 Completion Equipment 46 3.3.1 Wellhead equipment 46 3.3.2 Wellhead assembly 46 3.4 X-Mas Tree 50 3.4.1 Installing X-mas tree 52 3.4.2 Removal of X-mas tree and tubing hanger 54 3.5 Casing 56 3.5.1 Types of casing 56 3.5.2 Production tubing 57 3.6 Horizontal and Multilateral Well Completion 58 3.6.1 Horizontal well completion 59 3.6.2 Open hole completion 59 3.6.3 Slotted liner completion 60 3.6.4 Liners with partial isolation 61 3.6.5 Cemented and perforated liners 61 3.7 Multilateral Well Completion 61 3.7.1 Open hole multilateral well completion 62 3.7.2 Limited isolation/access multilateral systems 62 3.7.3 Complete multilateral system 64 4 Well Intervention 69 4.1 Well Intervention 69 4.1.1 Reasons for well interventions . 69 4.1.2 Tubing blockage 70 4.2 Control of Excessive Water or Gas Production 70 4.2.1 Control of water production 70 4.2.2 Control of gas production 71 4.2.3 Mechanical failure 71 4.2.4 Stimulation of low productivity wells 72 4.3 Well Intervention Services 73 4.4 Snubbing/Hydraulic Workover Units (HWO) 73 4.4.1 Snubbing applications include 74 4.4.2 Power pack 80 4.5 Types of Wirelines 81 4.5.1 Electric line 81 4.5.2 Slickline 81 4.5.3 Braided line 81 4.5.4 Wireline lubricators and accessories 81 4.6 Wellhead Adapter 82 4.7 Wireline BOPs 82 4.8 Lower lubricator sections 84 4.8.1 Upper lubricator sections 84 4.8.2 Stuffing box or grease head 84 4.8.3 Hydraulic tool trap with external indicator 85 4.8.4 Hydraulic wireline tool catcher 86 4.8.5 Line wiper 86 4.9 Wireline Tools 86 4.10 Coiled Tubing Units 88 4.10.1 Operators control cabin 89 4.10.2 Tubing reel 90 4.10.3 Power pack 90 4.10.4 Goose neck 90 4.10.5 Injector 91 4.10.6 Stripper 91 4.11 BOP system 92 4.11.1 Tubing 93 4.11.2 C/T unit accessories 93 4.12 Advantages and Limitations 93 4.12.1 Advantages of the CT system 93 4.12.2 Limitations 94 5 Formation Damage − Prevention and Remedy 95 5.1 Introduction 95 5.2 Course Objectives 101 5.3 Wellbore Damage 102 5.3.1 Mechanical damage from drilling 102 5.3.2 Pipe problems 102 5.3.3 Poor perforations 102 5.3.4 Hydrates 102 5.3.5 Fill 103 5.3.6 Water problems 103 5.3.7 Microporosity 104 5.4 Induced Particle Plugging 104 5.4.1 Mud solids 104 5.4.2 Dirty fluids 105 5.4.3 Acidizing 105 5.4.4 Water floods 106 5.5 Oil-based Drilling Fluids 106 5.6 Water Blocks 106 5.7 Wettability Alteration 107 5.8 Fines and Clays 107 5.8.1 Migrating fines 107 5.8.2 Swelling clays 108 5.8.3 Unconsolidated formations 108 5.8.4 Scales 109 5.9 Organic Deposits 110 5.10 Mixed Deposits 111 5.11 Bacteria 112 6 Sand Control 113 6.1 Introduction 113 6.1.1 Types of formation sands 113 6.1.2 Reasons for sand production 114 6.2 Sand Control Methods 114 6.2.1 Regular cleanout and bailing 114 6.2.2 Limit production to maximum sand-free rate 115 6.2.3 Chemical consolidation 115 6.3 Perforation Optimization and Selective Perforation 115 6.3.1 Screen or slotted liner without gravel 115 6.4 Gravel Packing 116 6.4.1 Saucier's design criteria 117 6.4.2 Selection of gravel size 118 6.4.3 Sand control screens 119 6.5 Frac−pack 120 6.6 High Rate Water Pack 121 6.7 Gravel Pack Well Preparation 122 6.8 Casing Tubing Cleanout 122 6.9 Completion Fluid 122 6.10 Filtration 123 6.11 Perforation Density 124 6.11.1 Perforating/perforation cleaning 124 7 Matrix Stimulation 127 7.1 Sandstone Acidizing 127 7.2 Brief History of Sandstone Acidizing 127 7.3 Technology and Application 127 7.3.1 Precipitation of reaction products 128 7.3.2 Acid fluid-reservoir fluid interactions 128 7.3.3 Variations in reservoir permeability or the distribution of damage 128 7.4 Fluid Selection 129 7.4.1 Hydrochloric acid (HCl) 129 7.4.2 Fluoroboric acid 133 7.4.3 Sequential mud acid 134 7.4.4 Alcoholic mud acid 134 7.4.5 Mud acid plus aluminum chloride for retardation 134 7.4.6 Damage characterization and the type of acid 136 7.5 Typical Sandstone Acid Job Stages 137 7.5.1 Tubing pickle . 138 7.5.2 Preflush 138 7.5.3 Main fluid stage 139 7.5.4 Overflush stage 140 7.6 Matrix Acidizing Design Guidelines 140 7.7 Flowback and Cleanup Techniques 141 7.8 Additives in Acidizing Fluid Composition 142 7.8.1 Organic acid 142 7.8.2 Surfactants 143 7.8.3 Clay stabilizer 145 7.8.4 Mutual solvents 145 7.8.5 Iron control additives 146 7.8.6 Alcohols 146 8 Hydraulic Fracturing 147 8.1 Introduction 147 8.1.1 Damage bypass 147 8.1.2 Improved productivity 148 8.1.3 Reservoir management 148 8.2 Fracturing Process 148 8.3 Fracturing Mechanism 148 8.4 In Situ Stress 150 8.5 Design Goals 152 8.6 Hydraulic Fracture Modeling 154 8.6.1 2-D models 154 8.6.2 3-D and pseudo 3-D models 154 8.6.3 Advantages of 3-D models 155 8.7 Execution 155 8.8 Real-time Monitoring 156 8.9 Fracturing Fluid Systems 157 8.9.1 Gellants 158 8.9.2 Cross-linkers 159 8.9.3 Breakers 159 8.9.4 Buffers 160 8.9.5 Surfactants 160 8.9.6 Clay stabilizers 160 8.9.7 Fluid loss additives 160 8.9.8 Friction reducers 161 8.9.9 Various frac fluid systems 161 8.9.10 Polymer-free frac fluid 161 8.10 Proppants 162 8.10.1 Crush resistance 162 8.10.2 Proppant types 162 8.11 Frac Equipment 163 8.11.1 Blender 164 8.11.2 Pumpers 164 8.11.3 Monitoring units 164 9 Well Analysis 165 9.1 Introduction 165 9.2 Geological Aspects 166 9.2.1 Structure contour maps 166 9.2.2 Drilling aspects 166 9.2.3 Drilling fluids 166 9.2.4 Cementing 167 9.2.5 Openhole log interpretation 167 9.3 Reservoir Fluid Analysis 168 9.3.1 Productivity index 168 9.4 Well Test Analysis 169 9.4.1 Cased hole logs − types and uses 169 9.5 Well System Analysis 170 9.5.1 Analysis of well sickness 170 9.5.2 Classifications of damage mechanism 171 9.5.3 Outflow restrictions 173 9.6 Reservoir Problems 173 9.6.1 Low reservoir permeability 173 9.6.2 Low reservoir pressure 174 9.6.3 Water production problems 174 9.7 Methods to Reduce Water Production 175 9.7.1 Cement/gel squeezing or block cement/gel job 175 9.7.2 Formation of barrier or sealants 175 9.7.3 Plug back 176 9.7.4 Straddle packer application 176 9.7.5 Re-completion 176 9.7.6 Stimulation/re-perforation 176 9.7.7 High volume artificial lift installation 176 9.7.8 Injection profile modification 176 9.7.9 Well planning .
177 9.7.10 Gas problems in oil wells 177 9.7.11 High-viscosity oil 177 9.7.12 Sand control 177 9.8 Mechanical Failures in Wells 178 9.8.1 Terminal well sickness 178 10 Water and Gas Shutoff 179 10.1 Why Water Control? 179 10.2 The Scenario 179 10.3 The Objective 180 10.4 The Philosophy 180 10.5 The Categories 181 10.5.1 Category A 181 10.5.2 Categories B and C 182 10.5.3 Category D 182 10.6 Identification 183 10.7 Question − Is There Really A Problem??? 183 10.7.1 Key to success 184 10.7.2 Methods of diagnosis 184 10.7.3 Problems and solutions 184 10.8 Conclusion 188 11 Introduction to Artificial Lifts 191 11.1 Background 191 11.1.1 Purpose of artificial lift 191 11.1.2 Path sectors influencing design of artificial lift system 192 11.1.3 Productivity index and inflow performance relationship (IPR) 193 11.1.4 IPR in Case of active water drive 193 11.1.5 IPR in Case of solution gas drive 194 11.1.6 IPR in Case of gas cap expansion drive 194 11.2 IPR When Pr > Bubble Point Pressure (Saturation Pressure) 195 11.2.1 Vogel's work on IPR 195 11.3 Other Methods of Generating IPR 196 11.4 Vertical Lift Performance (VLP) 196 11.4.1 Planning and selection of lifts 198 12 Artificial Lift Methods 201 12.1 Various Modes of Artificial Lift 201 12.2 Selection Criteria for Artificial Lift Method 201 12.3 Gas Lift 202 12.3.1 Introduction 202 12.3.2 Continuous gas lift 203 12.3.3 Intermittent gas ...
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