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Environmental and low temperature geochemistry / Peter Ryan
Resource type: Ressourcentyp: Buch (Online)Buch (Online)Sprache: Englisch Verlag: Chichester, West Sussex, UK ; Hoboken, NJ : Wiley Blackwell, 2014Beschreibung: Online-Ressource (xi, 402 pages)ISBN:- 9781306639750
- 9781118867501
- 1306639751
- 551.9
- QE516.4
- QE516.4 .R93 2014
Inhalte:
Zusammenfassung: Environmental and Low-Temperature Geochemistry presents conceptual and quantitative principles of geochemistry in order to foster understanding of natural processes at and near the earth's surface, as well as anthropogenic impacts on the natural environment. It provides the reader with the essentials of concentration, speciation and reactivity of elements in soils, waters, sediments and air, drawing attention to both thermodynamic and kinetic controls. Specific features include: An introductory chapter that reviews basic chemical principles applied to environmental and low-temperature geochemistry Explanation and analysis of the importance of minerals in the environment Principles of aqueous geochemistry Organic compounds in the environment The role of microbes in processes such as biomineralization, elemental speciation and reduction-oxidation reactions Thorough coverage of the fundamentals of important geochemical cycles (C, N, P, S) Atmospheric chemistry Soil geochemistry The roles of stable isotopes in environmental analysis Radioactive and radiogenic isotopes as environmental tracers and environmental contaminants Principles and examples of instrumental analysis in environmental geochemistry The text concludes with a case study of surface water and groundwater contamination that includes interactions and reactions of naturally-derived inorganic substances and introduced organic compounds (fuels and solvents), and illustrates the importance of interdisciplinary analysis in environmental geochemistry. Readership: Advanced undergraduate and graduate students studying environmental/low T geochemistry as part of an earth science, environmental science or related program. Additional resources for this book can be found at: www.wiley.com/go/ryan/geochemistry.Zusammenfassung: Intro -- Environmental and Low Temperature Geochemistry -- Copyright -- Contents -- Acknowledgements -- About the Companion Website -- 1 Background and Basic Chemical Principles: Elements,Ions,Bonding,Reactions -- 1.1 An Overview of Environmental Geochemistry - History, Scope, Questions, Approaches, Challenges for the Future -- 1.2 The Naturally Occurring Elements - Origins and Abundances -- 1.3 Atoms and Isotopes: A Brief Review -- 1.4 Measuring Concentrations -- 1.4.1 Mass-based concentrations -- 1.4.2 Molar concentrations -- 1.4.3 Concentrations of gases -- 1.4.4 Notes on precision and accuracy, significant figures and scientific notation -- 1.5 Periodic Table -- 1.6 Ions, Molecules, Valence, Bonding, Chemical Reactions -- 1.6.1 Ionic bond strength -- 1.6.2 Covalent bonds -- 1.6.3 Electronegativity -- 1.6.4 Metallic bonds, hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces -- 1.7 Acid-Base Equilibria, PH, K Values -- 1.8 Fundamentals of Redox Chemistry and Chemical Reactions -- 1.9 Chemical Reactions -- 1.10 Equilibrium, Thermodynamics and Driving Forces for Reactions: Systems, Gibbs Energies, Enthalpy And Heat Capacity, Entropy, Volume -- 1.10.1 Systems, species, phases and components -- 1.10.2 First law of thermodynamics -- 1.10.3 Second law of thermodynamics -- 1.10.4 Enthalpy -- 1.10.5 Heat capacity -- 1.10.6 Gibbs free energy -- 1.10.7 Gibbs free energy and the equilibrium constant -- 1.11 Kinetics and Reaction Rates: Distance From Equilibrium, Activation Energy, Metastability -- 1.11.1 Reaction rate, reaction order -- 1.11.2 Temperature and the Arrhenius equation -- Review Questions -- References -- 2 Surficial and Environmental Mineralogy -- 2.1 Introduction to Minerals and Unit Cells -- 2.2 Ion Coordination, Pauling´s Rules and Ionic Substitution -- 2.2.1 Coordination and radius ratio -- 2.2.2 Bond-strength considerations.PPN: PPN: 807243434Package identifier: Produktsigel: ZDB-26-MYL | ZDB-30-PAD | ZDB-30-PQE | ZDB-38-EBR
3.1 Introduction to Organic Chemistry: Chains and Rings, Single, Double, and Triple Bonds, Functional Groups, Classes of Organic Compounds, Organic Nomenclature
Environmental and Low Temperature Geochemistry; Copyright; Contents; Acknowledgements; About the Companion Website; 1 Background and Basic Chemical Principles: Elements,Ions,Bonding,Reactions; 1.1 An Overview of Environmental Geochemistry - History, Scope, Questions, Approaches, Challenges for the Future; 1.2 The Naturally Occurring Elements - Origins and Abundances; 1.3 Atoms and Isotopes: A Brief Review; 1.4 Measuring Concentrations; 1.4.1 Mass-based concentrations; 1.4.2 Molar concentrations; 1.4.3 Concentrations of gases
1.4.4 Notes on precision and accuracy, significant figures and scientific notation1.5 Periodic Table; 1.6 Ions, Molecules, Valence, Bonding, Chemical Reactions; 1.6.1 Ionic bond strength; 1.6.2 Covalent bonds; 1.6.3 Electronegativity; 1.6.4 Metallic bonds, hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces; 1.7 Acid-Base Equilibria, PH, K Values; 1.8 Fundamentals of Redox Chemistry and Chemical Reactions; 1.9 Chemical Reactions; 1.10 Equilibrium, Thermodynamics and Driving Forces for Reactions: Systems, Gibbs Energies, Enthalpy And Heat Capacity, Entropy, Volume
1.10.1 Systems, species, phases and components1.10.2 First law of thermodynamics; 1.10.3 Second law of thermodynamics; 1.10.4 Enthalpy; 1.10.5 Heat capacity; 1.10.6 Gibbs free energy; 1.10.7 Gibbs free energy and the equilibrium constant; 1.11 Kinetics and Reaction Rates: Distance From Equilibrium, Activation Energy, Metastability; 1.11.1 Reaction rate, reaction order; 1.11.2 Temperature and the Arrhenius equation; Review Questions; References; 2 Surficial and Environmental Mineralogy; 2.1 Introduction to Minerals and Unit Cells; 2.2 Ion Coordination, Pauling´s Rules and Ionic Substitution
2.2.1 Coordination and radius ratio2.2.2 Bond-strength considerations; 2.2.3 Pauling´s and Goldschmidt´s rules of ionic solids; 2.3 Silicates; 2.3.1 Nesosilicates; 2.3.2 Inosilicates; 2.3.3 Phyllosilicates; 2.3.4 Tectosilicates; 2.4 Clay Minerals (T-O Minerals, T-O-T Minerals, Interstratified Clays); 2.4.1 Smectite; 2.4.2 Smectites with tetrahedrally derived layer charge; 2.4.3 Smectites with octahedrally derived layer charge; 2.4.4 Vermiculite; 2.4.5 Illite; 2.4.6 Chlorite and Berthierine; 2.4.7 Kaolin (kaolinite and halloysite); 2.4.8 Interstratified clay minerals
2.4.9 Trace metals and metalloids in clay minerals2.5 Crystal Chemistry of adsorption and Cation Exchange; 2.5.1 Cation exchange; 2.5.2 Double-layer complexes; 2.6 Low-Temperature Non-Silicate Minerals: Carbonates, Oxides and Hydroxides, Sulfides, Sulfates, Salts; 2.6.1 Carbonates; 2.6.2 Oxides and hydroxides; 2.6.3 Sulfides and sulfates; 2.6.4 Halide and nitrate salts; 2.7 Mineral Growth and Dissolution; 2.8 Biomineralization; Review Questions; References; 3 Organic Compounds in the Environment
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